Abstract: In this study, biomass ashes from different energy valorization processes and storage conditions were used to make fire-resistant materials. Some of the ashes were subjected to a carbonation process. An 80/20 ash/gypsum ratio was used in all compositions. The density and different mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength, superficial hardness, and dynamic modulus of elasticity), as well as fire resistance properties (insulating capacity and heat absorption capacity), were evaluated at 28 days. The energy valorization had a great influence on the particle size and the Loss On Ignition (LOI) of the fly ash. By increasing both, materials with lower mechanical properties (90%) were produced. Fire resistance was similar for the different ashes tested, but 50% lower than the gypsum material. When the ashes of the materials were carbonated, the material increases compressive strength by 400% compared to ashes without the carbonation process, and the fire resistance was similar to those materials composed exclusively of gypsum, but also a source of CO2 capture is produced.

O acúmulo de fitoalexinas forma parte das múltiplas respostas de defesa das plantas e estas respostas podem ser induzidas por patógenos ou por moléculas tais como os oligogalacturonideos (OGAs). O resultado de uma interação planta-microorganismo é em parte determinado pela produção de fitoalexinas. Tem sido encontrado que além de induzir as defesas, os OGAs afetam o desenvolvimento das plantas, o qual normalmente é regulado pelos hormônios vegetais, em particular pela auxina. Neste trabalho medimos o acúmulo de fitoalexinas em raízes em desenvolvimento de plântulas de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (feijão comum) tratadas com um decagalacturonídeo (OGA10) em presença e ausência da auxina ácido 3-naftalenacético (ANA). Observou-se que quando se induz a produção de fitoalexinas com OGA10 (0.01 mM) se inibe a elongação da raiz principal e a formação das raízes laterais em aproximadamente 33 %. A expressão de Cycb 2-2 foi também inibida, quando os genes de pal e chs estão expressando-se. A adição de auxina (0.1 µM) não eliminou a inibição do desenvolvimento da raiz, ainda que tal concentração de ANA é estimulatória do crescimento da raiz. Estes dados sugerem que a indução de defesas na raiz traz como consequência mudanças no metabolismo da planta, que levam a deter os eventos do crescimento enquanto se responde a um ataque de enfermidade simulado por OGA10.

Phytoalexin accumulation is one of a myriad of plant defense responses; these responses can be elicited by pathogens or molecules such as oligogalacturonides (OGAs). Phytoalexin production has been considered a vital component of the resistance mechanisms that determine the outcome of many plant-microbe interactions. Besides inducing defense responses, OGAs have been shown to affect plant development, which normally is controlled by plant hormones, particularly auxin. In this work we measured phytoalexin accumulation in roots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings grown in the presence or absence of the auxin 3-naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) and treated with a decagalacturonide (OGA10). We found that OGA10 (0.01 mM) caused phytoalexin production and also inhibited main root elongation and the formation of secondary roots by ca. 33%. Expression of Cycb 2-2 was also inhibited, while pal and chs were highly expressed. The root growth inhibition was not overcome by the addition of a stimulatory concentration of auxin (NAA 0.1 µM). The data suggests that elicitation of defense responses in the root alters metabolism in such a way that results in the modification of the architecture of bean roots.